The most widely used naturally occurring radio-nuclide is Ra. All such uses are potential sources of exposure. Industrial X-ray devices include radiographic and fluoroscopic units used for the determination of defects in materials in packaged food etc. X-ray machines are widely used in industry, medicine, commerce and research. In our present-day industry, radiation generating machines and radioactive materials for testing of materials, process control and research have found wide-spread use. Limitation means to limit the exposure entering a human body by protecting individual or society by devices and observing prescribed safe dose limits.Ī record for more than 30 years must be maintained even after completion of the job on ionizing radiation, of (1) doses absorbed by individual and (2) exposure measurement. Optimization means to keep the exposure as low as achievable Click here for □ Radiation Protection Rules Medical radiation (x-rays) and nuclear radiation to generate electric power are justified but nuclear weapons for war are not justified. Three general principles of radiation protection are – (1) justification (2) optimization and (3) limitation of worker’s exposure to radiation. The main principles of health physics were defined in 1977 by the ICRP. Health Physics is a branch of science dealing with the improvement of protection against exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). The sealed container should be leakproof.Continuous monitoring and maintaining safe limits by engineering controls and PPE. #Electromagnetic radiation cannot be focused skinPrevention of radiation disease such as skin cancer, ulceration, dermatitis, cataract, damage to bones and blood, etc.Wearing a film badge to check the dose limit.Best Protection Techniques for radiation: The dosimeters are to be calibrated for proper use. The contamination monitoring instruments include hand and shoe monitors, portal monitors, clothing monitors and monitors for contaminated wounds. Area monitors are used for the measurement of air, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, and radioactive effluents. Ionization chamber, scintillation counterįixed monitors are either area monitoring instruments or contamination monitoring instruments. Geiger-Mueller tube or proportional counter Proportional or scintillation counter surface barrier diode Type of Detector For the type of Radiation. Radiation hazard means the danger to health arising from exposure to ionizing radiation which may be external or internal.Īnimal and human studies have shown that exposure to ionizing radiation can cause carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic effects, as well as other sequelae. Radioactive substance (chemical) must be firmly sealed within the metal containers to prevent dispersion to active material into the surrounding. X-rays, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, fast neutrons, thermal neutrons and radionuclides are ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation means electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation capable of producing ions directly or indirectly in its passage through matter. Types and Limits of Radiation: (A) Ionizing Radiation: Lasers are involved in visible light, IR and UV regions of the spectrum given below: The Electromagnetic Spectrum electric waves, radio waves, microwaves, visible light, IR, UV and lasers have longer wavelengths and less frequency and cause non-ionizing radiation. X-rays, Gamma rays and cosmic rays have short wavelengths, 10″ cm and less, and high frequency, 10’6 c/s and above and cause ionizing radiation. The higher energy wavelengths (short-waves) are more penetrating i.e. Long waves have low energy, short-waves have high. The following table shows the wavelength and frequency of various electromagnetic radiation. It has both particulate and wavelike aspects. 9.3 Click here for □ PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHY EXAMINATIONĮlectromagnetic radiation consists of varying electric and magnetic fields, operating at right angles to each other.9 The biological effect of radiation can be reduced by.8 Biological Effects and Controls of Radiation:.7.1 Click here for □ Radiation Protection Rules.7 Best Protection Techniques for radiation:.6 Type of Detector For the type of Radiation.
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